| Dependent variable | Land conversion | Dummy | If 2012 Parcel’s category is converted from rural land category (dry paddy field, paddy field and forestry) to urban land category then 1, else 0 |
| Explanatory variable | Fragmented small-scale development | Parcel area | Continuous | Natural logarithm of parcel area |
| Small-scale parcel | Dummy | Parcel area <=1,000m2=1, else 0 |
| Distance of land conversion parcel | Continuous | Average distance of the nearest land-use conversion parcel in 2010~2011 or 2011~2012 |
| Connection of land conversion parcel | Dummy | If distance of the nearest land conversion parcel is less than 250m in 2010~2012 then 1, else=0 |
| Pressures of development | Land price increase | Continuous | Growth rate of land price (recent 3 years) (%) |
| Accessibility of road | Continuous | From center point of parcel to the nearest road (m) |
| Discordant land-use | Discordant land-use | Dummy | Discordant land-use=1, else=0 |
| Poor land-use management | Control areas | Dummy | Control areas=1, else=0 |
| Agricultural promotion area | Dummy | Agricultural promotion area=1, else=0 |
| Agricultural protection areas | Dummy | Agricultural protection areas=1, else=0 |